Global precipitation measurement - Jan 26, 2017 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international constellation of satellites that will provide next-generation observations of global precipitation approximately every three hours. The mission centers on the deployment of the GPM Core Observatory spacecraft built by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency …

 
The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, launched on Feb. 27, 2015, from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan, will help advance our understanding of Earth's water and energy cycles, improve the forecasting of extreme events that cause natural disasters, and extend current capabilities of using satellite precipitation .... Connect hr

Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its distribution, and physical processes; to improve the accuracy of weather and precipitation forecasts through more accurate measurement of rain rates and latent heating; and to provide more frequent and complete ...Oct 1, 2015 · Accordingly, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, with its core satellite launched 27 February 2014, has been designed to provide calibrated and uniform active and passive precipitation (rain and falling snow) measurements over the majority of the globe at a temporal resolution of 2–4 h (Hou et al. 2014).Aug 19, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement mission, or GPM, provides the next generation of rainfall measurements from space. The mission is designed to tap into the observational power of nine independent satellites flying around Earth and combine their precipitation data into a single, global data set every three hours. WithMar 31, 2015 · Precipitation (falling rain and snow) is our fresh water reservoir in the sky and is fundamental to life on Earth. A Global Tour of Precipitation from NASA shows how rain and snowfall moves around the world from the vantage of space using measurements from the Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory, or GPM. Sep 1, 2014 · Abstract Since 2009, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has participated in ground validation (GV) projects through international partnerships within the framework of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission. The goal of this work is to assess the reliability of ground-based measurements in the Korean Peninsula as a …Here's what to do before, during, and after a ride through the rain. Although more than three-fourths of Americans drive to work every day, alternative forms of transportation are ...Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission to provide next-generation observations of rain and snow worldwide every three hours. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) is the unified algorithm that provides rainfall estimates combining data from all passive-microwave instruments in the GPM … Lesson Overview: This activity was developed to teach students about the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission. In this one-hour long activity, students will watch a short video summarizing the purpose of the mission, learn about the parts of the satellite and their functions, and build an edible model of the satellite. A brief animated look at the different types of remote sensing techniques that NASA uses to study the Earth. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument is a multi-channel, conical- scanning, microwave radiometer serving an essential role in the near-global-coverage and frequent-revisit-time requirements of GPM. While some folks never think much about it, a clean vehicle is actually a happier vehicle. Learn more about washing your car naturally with rain. Advertisement While some folks nev...Integrated hydrologic validation assesses GPM precipitation products by considering how the accuracy of rainfall products being input into hydrological and land-surface modeling affects model outputs. The end goals are to evaluate satellite precipitation measurements for their impacts and utility, and to provide guidance to algorithms that turn ...May 1, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM; Fig. 44.4) mission is the successor, with the primary aim of making frequent (every 2-3 h) observations of Earth's precipitation (Hou et al. 2014). A ...Jan 1, 2023 · The main goal of the GPM mission is to provide advanced precipitation measurements through understanding the physics and space-time variability of Earth's global precipitation as a key component to improve our understanding of Earth's water and energy cycles and provide timely precipitation information to directly benefit society. Apr 1, 2018 · A thorough validation of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals (IMERG) product for all of Iran improves the understanding of IMERG product’s performance and open a door to future studies regarding hydrometeorological applications of these products in Iran.Want to know how to capture rain in photography? Visit HowStuffWorks to learn how to capture rain in photography. Advertisement When dark clouds roll in and rain starts falling, mo...Muh. 13, 1443 AH ... GitHub: https://github.com/SAYVUTHY/GPM_Rainfall_Matlab Wget: https://eternallybored.org/misc/wget/ GPM: ...Jul 20, 2018 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites using a core satellite combined with ancillary ones and an advanced passive microwave radiometer paired with dual-frequency radar system to measure rain and snow from space. Lesson Overview: This activity was developed to teach students about the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission. In this one-hour long activity, students will watch a short video summarizing the purpose of the mission, learn about the parts of the satellite and their functions, and build an edible model of the satellite. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow.Jun 29, 2022 · 而在2014年2月,NASA和Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)就开始了Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM),利用多传感器多卫星多算法结合卫星网络和雨量计反演得到更高精度的降水数据,时空分辨率可达0.5h,0.1°×0.1°。. 笔者在下载过程中首先参考NASA官网提供的windows ...Can a ring around the moon really predict rain? Find out and learn about moon rings and weather prediction. Advertisement Since the beginning of time, man has looked to the moon to... The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) is an international satellite mission launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014 that is setting new standards for precipitation measurements worldwide. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core Observatory, GPM expands on the legacy of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM ... Jum. I 24, 1435 AH ... On March 10, the Core Observatory passed over an extra-tropical cyclone On March 10, the Core Observatory passed over an extra-tropical ...Jun 1, 2002 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program is a mission to measure precipitation from space, and is a similar but much expanded mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Its scope is not limited to scientific research, but includes practical and operational applications such as weather forecasting and water …Aug 6, 2020 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission initiated by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) to unify and advance global precipitation measurements from space (Hou et al., 2014). The mission centers on the …make uniform global precipitation datasets. Measurements from the GMI will also serve as a reference standard for cross-calibration of other satellites in the GPM constellation. For example, when overlapping measurements of the same Earth scene are made, measurements from GMI will be used to calibrate precipitationOct 1, 2015 · Accordingly, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, with its core satellite launched 27 February 2014, has been designed to provide calibrated and uniform active and passive precipitation (rain and falling snow) measurements over the majority of the globe at a temporal resolution of 2–4 h (Hou et al. 2014).This homemade rain barrel for recycling rainwater for use in your lawn and garden is an easy do-it-yourself project that costs less than $50. Watch this video to find out how. Expe...Aug 6, 2020 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission initiated by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) to unify and advance global precipitation measurements from space (Hou et al., 2014). The mission centers on the …According to the University of California and measurements taken at the Vostok station in Antarctica, precipitation in polar ice cap biomes is extremely low. Across the continent o...Ram. 14, 1444 AH ... Andrea Portier (NASA/SSAI) & Vasco Mantas (University of Coimbra / CITEUC) Lightening talks from scientists & Googlers hosted at Google's ...Apr 1, 2018 · A thorough validation of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals (IMERG) product for all of Iran improves the understanding of IMERG product’s performance and open a door to future studies regarding hydrometeorological applications of these products in Iran.Detecting heavy precipitation events directly with GPS data. by Corinne Landolt, ETH Zurich. The measuring station on the roof of the Institute of Geodesy and …Our guide covers the best gutter guards for heavy rain and everything you need to know to install and protect your home. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All...Imagine sheets of methane, sulfuric acid and, yes, even diamonds falling from the sky. HowStuffWorks explains how it how it rains on other planets. Advertisement Here on Earth, we'...This provides a large incentive to better observe and understand the underlying microphysical processes in TCs in order to improve precipitation forecasts and warning operations. 112 TCs from 2014 to 2020 were matched up with overpasses from the NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Dual-Frequency …Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Class Flight Project Status current Organizations 610 612 613 617 619 Launch Date February 2014 WEBSITE Home. The GPM mission is one of the next generation of satellite-based Earth science missions that study global precipitation (rain, snow, ice). ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission produces NASA's most comprehensive global rain and snowfall product to date, called the Integrated Multi …Abstract. Representative parameters of the scan geometry are empirically determined for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI).This work quantifies and investigates causes of differences among the first stable falling snow retrieval products from the Global precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite and CloudSat's Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) falling snow product.Imagine sheets of methane, sulfuric acid and, yes, even diamonds falling from the sky. HowStuffWorks explains how it how it rains on other planets. Advertisement Here on Earth, we'...NASA’s Precipitation Measurement Missions consist of TRMM and GPM. The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) is an international satellite mission launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014 that is setting new standards for precipitation measurements worldwide. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core …Feb 26, 2019 · Five years ago, on Feb. 27, 2014, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, a joint satellite project by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), lifted off aboard a Japanese H-IIA rocket. Since then, the cutting-edge instruments on GPM have provided advanced measurements about the rain and snow particles ... Jul 31, 2017 · Accurate and real-time precipitation estimation is a challenging task for current and future spaceborne measurements, which is essential to understand the global hydrological cycle. Recently, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellites were launched as a next-generation rainfall mission for observing the global precipitation ...Find out how to install a sheet metal rain diverter over a doorway on your roof to divert rainwater away from the entry to your home. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos La...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission has started in response to the success of the TRMM satellite, which is a U.S.-Japan joint project that was launched in November 1997. The GPM mission consists of the GPM Core Observatory jointly developed by U.S. and Japan and Constellation Satellites that carry microwave radiometers.Apr 17, 2018 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is a scientific undertaking to understand the physics and space–time variability of the Earth's global precipitation as a key component of its weather, climate, and hydrological systems. In 2014, the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace …Jum. I 24, 1435 AH ... On March 10, the Core Observatory passed over an extra-tropical cyclone On March 10, the Core Observatory passed over an extra-tropical ...Remotely sensed precipitation estimates play a key role in predicting changes in freshwater supply and agricultural yields. Specifically, GPM provides advanced, frequent precipitation measurements on regional and global scales, which allows for a better understanding of precipitation systems that affect water cycle and freshwater availability.Sep 4, 2014 · The GMI observed an 547 mile- (880 kilometer) wide track of precipitation on the surface, while the DPR imaged every 820 feet (250 meters) vertically to get the three-dimensional structure of the rain and snowfall layer by layer inside the clouds. “What’s really clear in these images is the melting layer, the place in the atmosphere where ...The amount and spatial distribution of oceanic precipitation from the latest versions (V07 and the previous version) of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory instruments and ...Jum. II 5, 1441 AH ... Advanced Webinar: Applications of GPM IMERG Reanalysis for Assessing Extreme Dry and Wet Periods This session will provide a brief overview ...Rab. I 15, 1441 AH ... Speaker: Dr. George Huffman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center On October 16, 2019, GPM held a webinar about the new Version 6 release of the ... The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Satellite captured a 3-D image of a winter storm on February 17, 2015, that left six to 12 inches of snow over much of Kentucky, southwestern West Virginia, and northwestern North Carolina. The shades of blue in the 3-D image indicate rates of snowfall with more intense snowfall shown in darker blue. GPM is an international satellite mission specifically designed to unify and advance precipitation measurements from research and operational microwave sensors for delivering next-generation global precipitation data products. The GPM mission concept centers on deploying a GPM “Core” satellite by NASA and JAXA carrying an advanced combined ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory spacecraft, launched February 27, 2014 in a partnership between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is the anchor to unify and advance precipitation measurements from a constellation of available research and operational precipitation satellite sensors.Feb 22, 2018 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission initiated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) to unify and advance global precipitation measurements from space [].The mission centers on the deployment of a … Abstract—Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission that uses. measurements from an advanced radar/radiometer system on a Core Observatory as reference. standards to unify and advance precipitation estimates through a constellation of research and. operational microwave sensors. Jul 31, 2017 · Accurate and real-time precipitation estimation is a challenging task for current and future spaceborne measurements, which is essential to understand the global hydrological cycle. Recently, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellites were launched as a next-generation rainfall mission for observing the global precipitation ...Jun 1, 2000 · Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission to provide next-generation observations of rain and snow worldwide every three hours. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) is the unified algorithm that provides rainfall estimates combining data from all passive-microwave instruments in the GPM ...GPM & TRMM Data Usage Policy. GPM and TRMM data are freely available at all levels for which the particular sensor or sensor combination has been processed by GPM. For the GPM Core Observatory this is for Levels 0 through 3 products (as applicable). For the partner satellites in the GPM constellation this is Levels 1c through 3 (as applicable).Remotely sensed precipitation estimates play a key role in predicting changes in freshwater supply and agricultural yields. Specifically, GPM provides advanced, frequent precipitation measurements on regional and global scales, which allows for a better understanding of precipitation systems that affect water cycle and freshwater availability.Feb 27, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international partnership co-led by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The mission centers on the deployment of the GPM Core Observatory and consists of a network, or constellation, of additional satellites that together will provide next-generation global ...Jan 1, 2000 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the GPM concept centers on the deployment of a "Core" satellite carrying an advanced radar / radiometer system to measure precipitation from space and ... This paper provides an overall review of global precipitation estimation, providing an outline of conventional measurements, the basis of the satellite systems used in the …Mar 5, 2024 · JAXA and NASA started to release near-real-time (NRT) processing products of the Global Precipitation Measurement Program (GPM) Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar product (DPR) version 07X at 8 UTC 16th January 2024. This version 07X is the first product to support changes in the orbit boost of the GPM Core Observatory. V07X is positioned … 1 month files are located in the folder corresponding to the first day of each month. Precipitation values are scaled by a factor of x10 (0.1mm) for 30 minute, 3 hour, 1 day, 3 day and 7 day files, and are scaled by a factor of x1 (1mm) for 1 month files. Data access is also available via FTPS, click here for instructions. Jum. I 24, 1435 AH ... On March 10, the Core Observatory passed over an extra-tropical cyclone On March 10, the Core Observatory passed over an extra-tropical ... · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, launched in 2014 to succeed the TRMM, is the first Space-Bourne Ku/Ka band Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar and provides high and moderate rainfall estimates at a resolution of 0.1°. Accumulated rainfall estimates are recorded on 30-minute, 3-hourly, daily, weekly, …4 78 The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory (GPM-CO) spacecraft is an 79 advanced successor to TRMM, with additional channels on both the Dual-frequency Precipitation 80 Radar (DPR) and on the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) with capabilities to sense light rain and 81 falling snow (Hou et al. 2014, Hou et al. 2008). … Precipitation Algorithms. GPM relies on passive and active measurements to measure the properties of precipitation. Active radars like GPM's Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) transmit and receive signals reflected back to the radar. The signal returned to the radar receiver (called radar reflectivity) provides a measure of the size and ... This paper provides an overall review of global precipitation estimation, providing an outline of conventional measurements, the basis of the satellite systems used in the … Lesson Overview: This activity was developed to teach students about the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission. In this one-hour long activity, students will watch a short video summarizing the purpose of the mission, learn about the parts of the satellite and their functions, and build an edible model of the satellite. NASA’s Precipitation Measurement Missions consist of TRMM and GPM. The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) is an international satellite mission launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014 that is setting new standards for precipitation measurements worldwide. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core …The amount and spatial distribution of oceanic precipitation from the latest versions (V07 and the previous version) of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory instruments and ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory spacecraft, launched February 27, 2014 in a partnership between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is the anchor to unify and advance precipitation measurements from a constellation of available research and operational precipitation satellite sensors.Rain and other forms of precipitation occur when water accumulates in the clouds and falls to the ground. This occurs due to the water cycle, which continually recycles the water o...Rab. I 1, 1435 AH ... http://www.nasa.gov/gpm For more information: http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ready-set-space-nasas-gpm-satellite-begins-journey For the ...Mar 14, 2024 · netcdf-4. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) algorithm combines information from the GPM satellite constellation to estimate precipitation over the majority of the Earth's surface. This algorithm is particularly valuable over the majority of the Earth's surface that lacks precipitation-measuring instruments on the ground.Jul 1, 2016 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is composed of an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. As a global successor to TRMM, GPM focuses on the deployment of a “Core” satellite carrying an advanced radar/radiometer system to measure precipitation … Applications. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission has several cross-cutting application areas which contribute to and enhance our understanding of weather forecasting, disasters, ecology, health, water and agriculture and energy. Using advanced space-borne instruments, GPM measures light rain to heavy rain and falling snow ... Integrated hydrologic validation assesses GPM precipitation products by considering how the accuracy of rainfall products being input into hydrological and land-surface modeling affects model outputs. The end goals are to evaluate satellite precipitation measurements for their impacts and utility, and to provide guidance to algorithms that turn ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory measuring over a mid-latitude storm. The red, white, magenta, maroon and blue lines indicate the flight path, satellite …Mar 1, 2024 · NASA’s Precipitation Measurement Missions (PMM) – including GPM and the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission ­– have together collected rain and snowfall from space for more than 20 years. Since 2019, scientists have been able to access PMM’s multi-satellite record as one dataset. direct measure of precipitation, although these are very much limited to land areas, with very few in situ measurements over the oceans. Weather radars, although providing a spatial measure of precipitation, are limited in extent and number. Satellite observations offer an unrivalled vantage point to observe precipitation on a global basis.Jum. I 7, 1436 AH ... What does building a satellite look like? In this timelapse of clean room footage from 2011 to 2014, watch the Global Precipitation ... Precipitation Algorithms. GPM relies on passive and active measurements to measure the properties of precipitation. Active radars like GPM's Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) transmit and receive signals reflected back to the radar. The signal returned to the radar receiver (called radar reflectivity) provides a measure of the size and ... Jan 9, 2024 · Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM - NASA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM - NASA) Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM - NASA) ... Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) Spatial coverage: Global: Temporal coverage: Archive, Near-real time: Content dates: 2014-today: Technical Specifications: GPM documentation;

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global precipitation measurement

4 78 The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory (GPM-CO) spacecraft is an 79 advanced successor to TRMM, with additional channels on both the Dual-frequency Precipitation 80 Radar (DPR) and on the GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) with capabilities to sense light rain and 81 falling snow (Hou et al. 2014, Hou et al. 2008). …The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission has several cross-cutting application areas which contribute to and enhance our understanding of weather forecasting, disasters, ecology, health, water and agriculture and energy. Using advanced space-borne instruments, GPM measures light rain to heavy rain and falling snow, producing a near …Sep 26, 2020 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory spacecraft launched February 27, 2014, is the anchor to the GPM international satellite mission to unify and advance precipitation measurements from a constellation of research and operational sensors to provide “next-generation” precipitation products.NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) uses satellites to measure Earth's rain and snowfall for the benefit of mankind. Launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014, GPM is an international mission that sets the standard for spaceborne precipitation measurements. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core …If you ever drive in the rain, here's a quick list of driving habits you should immediately get rid of. Read about 5 completely wrong ways to drive in the rain. Advertisement "Rain...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is a scientific undertaking to understand the physics and space-time variability of the Earth’s global precipitation as a key component of its weather, climate, and hydrological systems. In 2014, NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched the GPM Core Observatory (GPM-CO ...1 day ago · A new data product merges data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, giving meteorologists and researchers access to a 20-year precipitation record. The Earth Observing System Data and Information System is a key core capability in NASA’s Earth Science Data Systems …4.3 ALGORITHM VALIDATION The more formal algorithm validation will examine various aspects of the IMERG results. At the snapshot level, comparison to the fine-scale NOAA Next-Generation Multi-Sensor Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (Q2), and to the PMM Kwajalein and Melbourne radar archives are considered key.Rab. I 1, 1435 AH ... http://www.nasa.gov/gpm For more information: http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ready-set-space-nasas-gpm-satellite-begins-journey For the ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory spacecraft, launched February 27, 2014 in a partnership between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is the anchor to unify and advance precipitation measurements from a constellation of available research and operational precipitation satellite sensors.In today’s global marketplace, shopping for ingredients and products from around the world has become easier than ever. However, it can still be a challenge when you come across a ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory spacecraft, launched February 27, 2014 in a partnership between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is the anchor to unify and advance precipitation measurements from a constellation of available research and operational precipitation satellite sensors.High-level block diagram illustrating the major processing modules and data flows in IMERG. The blocks are organized by institution to indicate heritage, but the final code package is an integrated system. The numbers on the blocks are for reference in Section 5. Box 3 is computed at CPC as an integral part of IMERG.The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission has several cross-cutting application areas which contribute to and enhance our understanding of weather forecasting, disasters, ecology, health, water and agriculture and energy. Using advanced space-borne instruments, GPM measures light rain to heavy rain and falling snow, producing a near ….

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