Atacama desert latin america - Travel from the moon-like Atacama Desert to Santiago and on to the snow-dipped cones and tumbling streams of the lake district. Continue to view Patagonia’s cathedral-high glaciers, icy lagoons and wildlife-filled grasslands.

 
 A modern and contemporary hotel with great amenities, in keeping with the low rise adobe style of San Pedro. Cumbres San Pedro is a relatively large and modern property which has been designed to blend in with the general character of San Pedro de Atacama, a town still largely built of adobe brick. . Map property lines

23 August 2017. EPA. Chileans and tourists from further afield come to view the unusually colourful desert. After intense and unexpected rain fell in the north of Chile, parts of the usually arid ...The Atacama Desert, despite being the aridest non-polar desert on the planet, is home to some of the most biodiverse places in all of Latin America. In this …The annual range in average monthly temperatures in Patagonia—the greatest in South America—is more than 36 °F (20 °C), the result of warm summers and cold winters. The Atacama Desert, a narrow strip along the Pacific coast between latitudes 5° and 31° S, is …The driest nonpolar desert on planet Earth, northern Chile's Atacama Desert is like a Martian landscape that's nestled between the Andes Mountains and South America's Pacific coast. Right between Chile and Peru rests the Atacama Desert. Although it’s not exactly what you would call tiny (its area is over 41,000 square miles), in the public ... 13 days / 12 nights. Experience three of South America’s most iconic destinations, Atacama Desert, Patagonia and Iguazu Falls, while lodging at the luxurious Awasi properties, a Relais & Chateaux member, offering all-inclusive and off the beaten path private experiences. Aging Copper Mines Are Turning Into Money Pits Despite Demand. Chile’s Chuquicamata is a cautionary tale for an industry beset by rising costs and heightened …Wedged between two mountain ranges along Chile's coast, the Atacama Desert is the oldest and driest desert in the world. It has …Chile’s Atacama, the driest desert in the world, is increasingly suffering from pollution caused by fast fashion. Used clothes discarded in the Atacama Desert, in Alto Hospicio, Iquique, Chile ...The rain shadow effect in southern South America creates the Atacama Desert and an arid Patagonia. University of Texas Librariers. ... The political system is faced with the unequal distribution of wealth that is common in Latin America and many other countries of the world. Half the country’s wealth is concentrated in the hands of about 10 ...The Atacama, Patagonian and Monte deserts form a diagonal of arid lands separating the woodlands, croplands and pastures of La Plata basin from Central and Southern Chile. Apart from the desert diagonal, the north–south running Andes form a major divide in the Southern Cone and constitute, for most of its part in the southern cone, the …WHERE: San Pedro de Atacama. Sitting more than 16,000 feet above sea level in the shadow of the Licancabur Volcano, ALMA (which stands for Atacama Large Millimeter Array and means “soul” in ...AES Andes, a subsidiary of US multinational AES Corporation, has completed the largest battery storage project in Latin America with an output of 112MW. Located in the northern region of Antofagasta – in the desert of Atacama – in Chile, the project incorporated five-hour duration lithium batteries for an energy storage capacity of …Oct 8, 2022 · Dazzling pink. The Atacama is the most arid desert in the world outside the polar regions. Some parts go for decades without a single drop of rain. Now, though, the desert is glowing a dazzling ... Dazzling pink. The Atacama is the most arid desert in the world outside the polar regions. Some parts go for decades without a single drop of rain. Now, though, the desert is glowing a dazzling ...01 The Atacama Desert is a desert plateau in South America covering a 1,600 km strip of land on the Pacific coast, west of the Andes Mountains. 02 The Atacama Desert is the driest non-polar desert in the world. 03 It is the only true desert to receive less precipitation than the polar deserts.Transfer to Santiago airport and fly to the Atacama Desert. Check out and transfer back to Santiago airport for a 2-hour flight to Calama in the Atacama Desert. Arriving in this sun-parched landscape is a dazzling contrast to the slopes of Portillo. You’ll be transferred across the desert (1 hr) to the adobe oasis town of San Pedro de Atacama.South America’s physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately. South America has diverse agricultural products, vast mineral wealth, and plentiful freshwater. It also has rich fisheries and ports on three bodies of water: the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean.Latin America and the Caribbean > Latin American and Caribbean Physical Geography > Atacama Desert Atacama Desert. Atacama Desert ätäkäˈm ä , arid region, c.600 mi (970 km) long, N Chile, extending south from the border of Peru. The desert itself, c.2,000 ft (610 m) above sea level, is a series of dry salt basins flanked on the W by the ...The region of Latin America covers all the Americas south of the U.S. border—that is, ... Parts of Chile’s Atacama Desert receive no rainfall because of global air patterns and the Pacific Ocean’s cold Peru, or Humboldt, Current—factors that also affect the Peruvian coast.One of the harshest places on earth, the Atacama may at first sound dull, empty or even devoid of water; it’s none of those things. This thin coastal desert, squished between the Pacific Ocean and Andes Mountains, is riddled with oases where it bursts to life, both in fertile river valleys and on the semi-arid Altiplano thousands of feet up ...It is a source of thermal water with constant fluids between 25 ° and 30 ° C, possessing natural healing properties. Situated in a mountain canyon of great natural beauty in the desert, it will be difficult to forget such an experience. Drive back towards San Pedro de Atacama (1 hour 30 min).The environmental authority in Chile approved after more than a year of evaluation, the development of the largest desalination plant in Latin America, with an initial investment of about $500 ... This signature holiday highlights the best of Northern Chile and Argentina, including a visit to Santiago, Moon Valley in the Atacama Desert, the flamingo colonies at the Salar de Atacama and the Tatio Geysers, the highest geyser field in the world. Spend time at leisure in Purmamarca at the foot of the famous Seven Colour Hill, discover Humahuaca Gorge and the friendly city of Salta. Explore ... Atlantic Ocean. Panama Canal. Allows ships to cross between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without having to travel all the way around South America. Andes Mountains. Sierra Madre Mountains. Atacama Desert. Chile. Amazon Rain Forest. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Brazil, Colombia, Cuba and more.The desert surrounding Copiapó, the capital of Chile’s Atacama Region, is no stranger to mineral extraction. (Indeed, the accident that trapped 33 miners for 69 days in 2010, grabbing the world ...Map of the Atacama Desert. The Atacama Desert formed in this area due to several factors. The Andes Mountains created a rain shadow desert that prevents the warm moist tropical air (brought by the tradewinds) from reaching the west coast. (Remember that the reverse is true on North America's west coast, see Figure 4.4 in Section 4.1.)SS6G1 Locate selected features of Latin America. a. Locate on a world and regional political-physical map: Amazon River, Amazon Rainforest, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Panama Canal, Andes Mountains, Sierra Madre Mountains, and Atacama Desert. Reported resources will be reviewed by our team. Visit the Atacama Desert and enjoy a pampered stay at the exclusive Awasi hotel. Book now with Journey Latin America. Destinations; Holiday Styles; Contact Us; Closed ... Driest Place: Atacama Desert, Chile. These incredibly dry mountains see an average of less than .004 inches/.01cm of rain per year. Many times this area will go without rainfall at all for years. Some places in the Atacama Desert have not had rainfall for over 400 years. The Atacama desert is found along the coast of Chile, South America ...Atlantic Ocean. Panama Canal. Allows ships to cross between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without having to travel all the way around South America. Andes Mountains. Sierra Madre Mountains. Atacama Desert. Chile. Amazon Rain Forest. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Brazil, Colombia, Cuba and more.The luxury Awasi Atacama in Latin America is the perfect Hotel when travelling in Chile. Contact Jacada Travel to discover more about Awasi Atacama and how to include it as part of your bespoke luxury holiday.The _____ were the first people to mine gold in Latin America. Mexico _____ is the leading producer of petroleum in Latin America. Brazil. Precious gems are an important natural resource of _____. Amazon River. located in the Amazon River basin. Atacama Desert. no rainfall in some parts. About us. About Quizlet; How Quizlet works; Careers ...6. Atacama Desert, Chile. Source: Photo by Wikimedia Commons user Wescottm used under CC BY 4.0. If you consider yourself an outdoor buff looking to discover the marveling intrigues of South America, then visit the beautiful Atacama Desert and immerse yourself in the uplifting outdoor scenes of Chile. This signature holiday highlights the best of Northern Chile and Argentina, including a visit to Santiago, Moon Valley in the Atacama Desert, the flamingo colonies at the Salar de Atacama and the Tatio Geysers, the highest geyser field in the world. Spend time at leisure in Purmamarca at the foot of the famous Seven Colour Hill, discover Humahuaca Gorge and the friendly city of Salta. Explore ... Book now with Journey Latin America. This signature holiday highlights the best of Northern Chile and Argentina, including a visit to Santiago, Moon Valley in the Atacama Desert, the flamingo colonies at the Salar de Atacama and the Tatio Geysers, the highest geyser field in the world. Spend time at leisure in Purmamarca at the foot of the ...Award Winners. Visit the Atacama desert on your next holiday to Chile, with volcanoes, geysers and salt flats to explore. Book now with Journey Latin America. Born in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, Mary’s insider knowledge and dry sense of humour make her a highly valued member of the Tailor-made Holidays and Group Tour sales team. Ben Line - Travel Expert. Ben fell in love with Latin America on a six month backpacking trip from Colombia to Mexico in 1995. Since then he has explored most of ... Day 9 – Salar de Atacama - The Devil’s Throat Today, we recommend an easy day and perhaps with a free morning and then some light excursions by evening. You can decide your exact excursions with your private guide. Cejar Lake. The Salar de Atacama is the third largest salt flat on the planet. Book now with Journey Latin America. This signature holiday highlights the best of Northern Chile and Argentina, including a visit to Santiago, Moon Valley in the Atacama Desert, the flamingo colonies at the Salar de Atacama and the Tatio Geysers, the highest geyser field in the world. Spend time at leisure in Purmamarca at the foot of the ... Born in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, Mary’s insider knowledge and dry sense of humour make her a highly valued member of the Tailor-made Holidays and Group Tour sales team. Ben Line - Travel Expert. Ben fell in love with Latin America on a six month backpacking trip from Colombia to Mexico in 1995. Since then he has explored most of ... Alpers, C. 1988 Middle Miocene Climatic Change in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile: Evidence from Supergene Mineralization at La Escondida. Geological Society of America Bulletin 100: 1640 – 1656.Google ScholarThe Atacama Desert is a region that spans the sparsely populated and virtually rainless plateau, the Puna de Atacama. According to estimates, the Atacama Desert region occupies 105,000 square kilometers (41,000 square miles) or 128,000 square kilometers (49,000 square miles) if the barren lower slopes of the Andes are included.Chile’s Atacama Desert: Latin America’s forgotten paleontological treasure. By Patricia Nieto Mariño. Santiago, Oct 25 (EFE).-. The remains of extinct shark species, prehistoric whales and ancient birds are some of the fossilized finds being made in northern Chile’s Atacama Desert, a zone that is a valuable laboratory for studying the ...Atacama Desert Desert of n Chile, stretching c.1000km (600mi) s from the Peru border. Despite its proximity to the Pacific Ocean it is considered to be the most …Introduction. The region of Latin America covers all the Americas south of the U.S. border—that is, Mexico, Central America, South America, and the West Indies —about 15 percent of the Earth. With well over half a billion people, Latin America is 50 percent more populous than Anglo America. For three centuries Portugal and Spain controlled ...Home > Latin America > Chile > Atacama Desert. Overview. Places to Stay. Inspiration. Why the Atacama? Scientists are intrigued by the Atacama Desert because, despite its lack of fresh water, life persists here. You can see Andean flamingo flocking to the salt lakes to feed on algae, while hummingbird and sparrow feed on insects.Aging Copper Mines Are Turning Into Money Pits Despite Demand. Chile’s Chuquicamata is a cautionary tale for an industry beset by rising costs and heightened …Mar 20, 2019 · Atacama Desert Star Gazing. There is one superlative here that we won’t dispute: the Atacama region is one of the best places on the planet for star gazing. Because of altitude, dryness, and a lack of pollution, this section of northern Chile is a favorite of astronomers because it has the clearest night skies on Earth. 3 FUN FACTS about the Atacama Desert, Chile. – The Atacama Desert receives less than 1mm of rainfall per year! – Compared to the planet Mars, the Atacama’s landscape and soils are unique. Its appearance is unlike other deserts and several movies and television programs have been filmed in the area! – Thanks to the high altitude and …Travelers to Chile typically plan a trip for 12 to 15 days when combining Santiago, Easter Island, and the Atacama Desert with Torres del Paine. If you're not interested in Torres del Paine, 10 to 13 days is enough for your Santiago, Easter Island, and Atacama Desert trip. Even travelers with limited time can see the highlights in as few as …South America’s Atacama Desert is a long (c. 1500 km), narrow (c. 120 km wide), north–south trending hyper-arid region sandwiched between the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Andes mountains to th...Speak to our Peru Destination Experts at Call 1 888 903 2001. CST #2141973-70. Registration as a seller of travel does not constitute approval by the State of California. Fla. Seller of Travel Ref. No. ST44278. 15 days from $12,270 USD per person (see details) Call 1 888 903 2001. Request a quote.Book now with Journey Latin America. This signature holiday highlights the best of Northern Chile and Argentina, including a visit to Santiago, Moon Valley in the Atacama Desert, the flamingo colonies at the Salar …This is in part because Iqueque, the closest city to the Atacama clothing dump site, is one of the largest second-hand clothing ports in South America. Specifically, tons of used clothing arrive at the Iqueque Free Trade Zone, where it is sold and bought at retail, but also wholesale in bales of approximately 50 kilos.South America is a continent of extremes. It is home to the world's largest river (the Amazon) as well as the world's driest place (the Atacama Desert). South America, the fourth-largest continent, extends from the Gulf of Darién in the northwest to the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego in the south. South America’s physical geography ...Chile’s Atacama desert is home to the only solar thermal tower in Latin America. The imposing 240-meter construction is one of the pillars of the country’s ambitious green energy program that ...Today: the otherworldly Atacama Desert. Other than the poles, Chile’s Atacama Desert is the driest place on Earth. ... Andean highlights: Journey Latin America (020 8600 1881; ...Depart the Atacama Desert today and fly to Puerto Montt in the Chilean Lake District. Spend the next two nights in the attractive lakeside town of Puerto Varas. This is one of the most beautiful regions in the country, boasting snow-capped volcanoes, pristine lakes, waterfalls and virgin forests.Adventurist and travel advisor, Kelly Hurst, explores the stunning scenery and natural wonders of the world's driest desert in northern Chile. Before joining Latin America For Less as a travel advisor, Kelly Hurst spent six months volunteering in Chile. During her time in South America’s narrowest country, she traveled to the northern …DOSSIER: Visualising Traces of the Past in Latin America. Nitrate ruins: the photography of mining in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Louise Purbrick. Pages 253-278 Published online: 02 May 2017. ... is, as other oficinas across the Antofagasta and Tarapacá regions of the Atacama Desert, a ruin.The Atacama Desert of northern Chile is, at 2,500 metres above sea level, the highest and also the driest desert in the world, giving the Atacama some unique features. View the full gallery in its own page, or choose an image to view a larger version, then use your Back button to return.This is in part because Iqueque, the closest city to the Atacama clothing dump site, is one of the largest second-hand clothing ports in South America. Specifically, tons of used clothing arrive at the Iqueque Free Trade Zone, where it is sold and bought at retail, but also wholesale in bales of approximately 50 kilos.Updated February 27, 2024. The driest nonpolar desert on planet Earth, northern Chile's Atacama Desert is like a Martian landscape that's nestled between the …Book now with Journey Latin America. Visit the Atacama Desert and enjoy a pampered stay at the exclusive Awasi hotel. Book now with Journey Latin America. Destinations; Holiday Styles; Contact Us; Closed 0208 747 8315. Destinations; Holiday Styles; How We Travel; Inspiration;The Atacama Desert is a virtually rainless plateau in South America, extending 966 km (600 mi) between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It is created by the rain shadow of the Andes east of the desert. Its area is 181,300 square kilometers (70,000 mi²)[1], in northern Chile.Exploring Latin America. The content for Latin America in the 6th grade World Geography curriculum can be summarized in four ... Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Panama Canal, Andes Mountains, Sierra Madre Mountains, and Atacama Desert. Locate on a world and regional political-physical map the countries of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba ...Adventurist and travel advisor, Kelly Hurst, explores the stunning scenery and natural wonders of the world's driest desert in northern Chile. Before joining Latin America For Less as a travel advisor, Kelly Hurst spent six months volunteering in Chile. During her time in South America’s narrowest country, she traveled to the northern … 3-5 Days. 6-8 Days. 9-11 Days. 12-15 Days. 16+ Days. Undecided. Next 1/2. [email protected]. Marvel at the scenery of the Atacama Desert with these fully-customizable San Pedro de Atacama tours and vacation packages designed by travel experts. 3 FUN FACTS about the Atacama Desert, Chile. – The Atacama Desert receives less than 1mm of rainfall per year! – Compared to the planet Mars, the Atacama’s landscape and soils are unique. Its appearance is unlike other deserts and several movies and television programs have been filmed in the area! – Thanks to the high altitude and …Introduction. The Atacama Desert in northern Chile is a coastal nonpolar hyperarid desert with nearly 1,000 km long located in South America (latitudes 19°S and 30°S), between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Andes Range to the east (Bull et al., 2016).It is also considered the oldest and driest desert on Earth (Houston and Hartley, …It’s not the first mega power plant to be built in Chile, particularly in the area of the Atacama Desert, where there’s a little bit of Italy, too. In fact, the Carrera Pinto solar power plant is one of the world’s largest, where Enel Green Power and Convert Italia completed and connected to the grid the first 20 MW, out of a total of 97.Nov 8, 2021 · Chile’s Atacama, the driest desert in the world, is increasingly suffering from pollution caused by fast fashion. Used clothes discarded in the Atacama Desert, in Alto Hospicio, Iquique, Chile ... See Chile's stunning natural highlights on this 13-day private tour, visit the moon-like Atacama Desert and the cathedral-high glaciers of Patagonia. ... We've been creating award-winning holidays to every corner of Latin America for over four decades; ... 13 days / 12 nights. Experience three of South America’s most iconic destinations, Atacama Desert, Patagonia and Iguazu Falls, while lodging at the luxurious Awasi properties, a Relais & Chateaux member, offering all-inclusive and off the beaten path private experiences. Men work at a factory that recycles used textiles discarded in the Atacama Desert for wooden isolation panels for the walls of social housing, in Alto Hospicio, Iquique, Chile, in 2021. Photograph ... 13 days / 12 nights. Experience three of South America’s most iconic destinations, Atacama Desert, Patagonia and Iguazu Falls, while lodging at the luxurious Awasi properties, a Relais & Chateaux member, offering all-inclusive and off the beaten path private experiences. Aging Copper Mines Are Turning Into Money Pits Despite Demand. Chile’s Chuquicamata is a cautionary tale for an industry beset by rising costs and heightened …Small Group Discoveries for World Travelers…. Experience leisurely 3-night stays surrounded by South America’s most captivating landscapes... the remote Atacama Desert and magnificent Patagonia. Our handpicked desert lodge and luxury lakeside camp promise fine, casually elegant dining and unforgettable accommodations in the heart of ...Apr 7, 2023 · The Andes Mountains created a rain shadow desert that prevents the warm moist tropical air (brought by the tradewinds) from reaching the west coast. (Remember that the reverse is true on North America's west coast, see Figure 4.4 in Section 4.1.) The Atacama Desert is on the leeward, not the windward, side of the Andes at these latitudes. Chile’s Atacama, the driest desert in the world, is increasingly suffering from pollution caused by fast fashion. Used clothes discarded in the Atacama Desert, in Alto Hospicio, Iquique, Chile ...Oct 19, 2023 · These low-lying clouds blanket much of the Pacific coast of South America. They do not allow precipitation to form. The Atacama Desert is part of the western coastal plain. The Atacama is considered the driest region in the world. The average rainfall is about 1 millimeter (0.04 inches) a year, and some parts of the Atacama have never had rain ... Book now with Journey Latin America. This signature holiday highlights the best of Northern Chile and Argentina, including a visit to Santiago, Moon Valley in the Atacama Desert, the flamingo colonies at the Salar de Atacama and the Tatio Geysers, the highest geyser field in the world. Spend time at leisure in Purmamarca at the foot of the ...The driest nonpolar desert on planet Earth, northern Chile's Atacama Desert is like a Martian landscape that's nestled between the Andes Mountains and South America's Pacific coast. Right between Chile and Peru rests the Atacama Desert. Although it’s not exactly what you would call tiny (its area is over 41,000 square miles), in the public ...

Book now with Journey Latin America. This signature holiday highlights the best of Northern Chile and Argentina, including a visit to Santiago, Moon Valley in the Atacama Desert, the flamingo colonies at the Salar …. Crashout

atacama desert latin america

Things to know about Atacama Desert The Atacama Desert, ... Quimbaya Latin America is recruiting Mar 1, 2024 Discover Argentina - El Calafate Feb 27, 2024 ...Experience the full spectrum of Chile on this luxurious adventure that merges ancient history, modern splendor, and natural wonder. From the remarkable landscapes of the Atacama desert to Santiago’s cosmopolitan delights to the mysteries of Easter Island and its famous monolithic heads, this tour has everything for the curious adventure-seeker …Wedged between two mountain ranges along Chile's coast, the Atacama Desert is the oldest and driest desert in the world. It has …Previously part of the Pacific Ocean seabed, the Atacama Desert landscape consists of caked salt deposits called playas which …It’s not the first mega power plant to be built in Chile, particularly in the area of the Atacama Desert, where there’s a little bit of Italy, too. In fact, the Carrera Pinto solar power plant is one of the world’s largest, where Enel Green Power and Convert Italia completed and connected to the grid the first 20 MW, out of a total of 97.Mar 20, 2019 · Atacama Desert Star Gazing. There is one superlative here that we won’t dispute: the Atacama region is one of the best places on the planet for star gazing. Because of altitude, dryness, and a lack of pollution, this section of northern Chile is a favorite of astronomers because it has the clearest night skies on Earth. It is a source of thermal water with constant fluids between 25 ° and 30 ° C, possessing natural healing properties. Situated in a mountain canyon of great natural beauty in the desert, it will be difficult to forget such an experience. Drive back towards San Pedro de Atacama (1 hour 30 min).The two regions are the Highland climate of Latin America are Coniferous and Deciduos Forest ecosystems: The Coniferous Forest Ecosystem make up the forests and mountains of mexico. It ranges throughout Mexico and Central America. The plants that live there are coniferous and pineoak forests. The animals that make up this region are: Rabbits ... The Atacama desert is a year-round destination, although its climate is influenced by the Bolivian Andes. Occasional strong rains in Jan-Feb can close visitor sites for a few days and, between Jun-Sep, snow can hinder the high-altitude crossings into Bolivia and Argentina. For almost all of the year, the sun shines and the night skies can be ... 3 FUN FACTS about the Atacama Desert, Chile. – The Atacama Desert receives less than 1mm of rainfall per year! – Compared to the planet Mars, the Atacama’s landscape and soils are unique. Its appearance is unlike other deserts and several movies and television programs have been filmed in the area! – Thanks to the high altitude and … Most of Latin America is located to the south of the _____. Titicaca. ... Atacama Desert. no rainfall in some parts. About us. About Quizlet; How Quizlet works; Careers; Humberstone was one of dozens of saltpetre towns, all of them stuck out in the vast and inhospitable Atacama. Humberstone is located in the dry Atacama desert in northern Chile. Everything in ...Oct 19, 2023 · South America is a continent of extremes. It is home to the world's largest river (the Amazon) as well as the world's driest place (the Atacama Desert). South America, the fourth-largest continent, extends from the Gulf of Darién in the northwest to the archipelago of Tierra del Fuego in the south. South America’s physical geography ... Atacama 1, Latin America’s largest solar power plant. 13 january 2016 , by Editorial staff. An Insider’s Guide to the Atacama Desert. Travel Consultant Mary Anne Nelson, who was born in the Atacama Desert and still considers it her favourite place on Earth, offers expert advice on visiting the world's highest and driest desert. The world’s highest, driest desert is a land of undulating dunes, explosive geysers and primeval ... .

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