2024 Grade deflation colleges

The so called "grade deflation" is really just ordinary "college deflation." Courses in college are harder than high school, the work load is tougher. Professors expect you to rise to a level of professional scholarship and submit work product that is consistent with "the collegium".. Loudoun county public schools spring break

It means that it is relatively difficult to maintain a high gpa. As opposed to schools with grade inflation, where the average grade in a class might be an A-, and high gpas are the norm.It does practice grade deflation but Wake Forest applicants are still accepted to medical school at twice the national average (for c/o 2006). What wake will do is include both the "average" GPA for the school and what percent of students make the deans list when they report your GPA to medical school admissions. The admissions departments of medical schools are aware that Wake deflates ...The grade deflation policy has not been popular with all undergraduates (just check the archives of the Daily Princetonian in which you will find the Dean of the College routinely vilified!) but change is often unsettling. In fact, the new policy simply returns averages to where they were about fifteen years ago.I can't comment on grade deflation, but the unsupported statement that no Bryn Mawr graduates were admitted to medical school this year is plainly untrue. BMC President Kim Cassidy recently had a piece in US News about STEM majors at women's colleges, which consistently far outstrip their numbers at coed schools (22% vs 9%, I believe).I took linear algebra at BU last year and ended up with a 96 average in the course. However, the teacher had a policy that only the top five (there were six or seven people ahead of me) would get a 4.0 (A) in the class. This meant that my 96 earned me a 3.7 (A-) in the class. A few friends had similar things happen.I heard that there is grade deflation, especially in the business school. ... College Confidential Forums Grade Deflation. Colleges and Universities A-Z. Georgetown University. bosox17 February 26, 2013, 8:39pm 1 I heard that there is grade deflation, especially in the business school. Do students generally have lower GPA's (around 3) and ...People get into really good grad schools (check out the 2014-2018 Senior Surveys ) Take a look at this chart of the GPA cutoffs to be a "Pomona Scholar" which is an honor awarded to the top 25% each semester. Pomona uses a 12.0 GPA system so divide by 3 to convert to the usual 4.0. The point is that Pomona has high grade inflation.Feb 27, 2023 · Yes there is grade deflation. And yes it is deflation. Yes it varies greatly, greatly by BS and this variation is not based on prestige. For example at Choate 24% of the class has a gpa above 93, at groton 7% of the class has a gpa above 93. Just an example. Something to keep in mind: Research experience will matter a lot more than the (slight) difference in GPA from going to a school with grade inflation vs. grade deflation when it comes to graduate school admissions. Even then, as others have said, engineers aren't known for having great grades anywhere . Look into opportunities to get involved ...That article is an opinion piece and it leaves out some important information. If the average grade at Harvard is an A- (per the article), at Wellesley (and many other schools, Princeton, BU, etc.) it's a B+, and this is the grade deflation policy which applies only to 200-level courses and below.marshallmeyer12 March 4, 2013, 10:10pm 4. The mathematical multiplier is very generous to liberal arts schools including Reed, Allegheny College, and also universities like UChicago and Princeton. In fact, schools like Reed and St. Johns have the majority of their students not even glancing at their GPA’s throughout their 4 years.What is the truth behind princeton's grade deflation policy? Only 35% of students in a course can get As??? This sorta sucks for the pre-meds, and pre-lawers?!!! What is the truth behind princeton's grade deflation policy? ... Colleges and Universities A-Z. Princeton University. ped-neurologist August 10, 2007, 4:55pm #1At least one prominent university, however, has recently enacted a very public grade deflation policy. In the spring of 2004, the Princeton faculty adopted a new grading policy targeting a cap of 35 percent A grades in undergraduate courses and 55 percent A grades in “junior and senior independent work.”.The first major update in seven years of a database on grade inflation has found that grades continue to rise and that A is the most common grade earned at all kinds of colleges. Since the last significant release of the survey, faculty members at Princeton University and Wellesley College, among other institutions, have debated ways to limit grade inflation, despite criticism from some ...Grade inflation has infected nearly every college across the country. Although student handbooks, for example, typically define a B as “good,” students widely consider a B to mean “bad.”callie123 July 21, 2009, 10:55am 7. There is no grade deflation at Hopkins. Every student gets the grades he/she deserve. Also, grad schools are very aware of the schools that have high expectations, and adjust accordingly. Anyway, it is really useless to have a high GPA from a school that inflates grades, and a relatively lower MCAT, GMAT ...I've been going through many threads and articles that detail how there have been "signs" of grade deflation depending on your professor, but that these have been mostly restricted to some intro classes and a sign of BU not inflating as much as other colleges. ... but that these have been mostly restricted to some intro classes and a sign ...I personally wouldn't worry about the so-called "grade-deflation" problems. Yes, people in BU do talk a lot about this (even among professors!), but if you work hard to get around a 3.6-3.7 you should be in good shape after you graduate.. Aztec09 November 11, 2007, 2:40pm 7.dietcokewithlime May 31, 2008, 11:51am 2. There's no grade deflation at Carleton. If anything, it's probably harder to have a high GPA in humanities or social science majors than science majors; at the very least, it is the case that people with very high GPAs are disproportionately science majors. It's also not an issue of "standing out ...The mean grade point average was 3.7 out of 4.0, also an increase over prepandemic years. ... G.P.A.s have been increasing at colleges nationwide by about 0.1 per decade since the early 1980s, he ...Apr 27, 2022 · Some schools have implemented policies to combat grade inflation, but those attempts have faced significant challenges. In 2004, Princeton tried to lower GPAs using a policy of “grade deflation,” according to the Atlantic, putting a cap on the proportion of As in each class at 35%. After nine years, the school ended its policy, citing that ... As you research boarding schools in United States, you’ll discover a wide range of educational possibilities for higher education at a home away from home. Serving students in grad...College Search & Selection. ... Grade deflation is different from non-grade inflation (i.e. lack thereof). Princeton's median (or mean? But irrelevant in such a sample size) GPA is a B+, when a bell curve's would be a C. I would hardly call that grade deflation.BU has an ideal grade curve that they want to fit. Either they make tests harder to keep grades lower or they lower grades to keep that distribution the same. Ultimately, this has the effect of BU GPAs rising slower than other colleges and universities. If you hear people saying that Harvard is easier than BU, it's because of this exact ...I think MIT's reputation for grade deflation is over-done; I've seen grade-distribution stats for the first-year courses and they often look something like 45% A, 45% B, 10% lower. ... many colleges can provide you with expeirences, often quite similar ones, but at MIT those experiences will generally be had in a certain context that is ...I scored 96% in 10th ICSE, and switched to a CBSE school (like many) for 11th. I finished my junior year with 84%, not particularily impressive, but above average in my school. Since these marks aren't validated by an external board like in 10th/12th, do colleges account for how strictly school examiners choose to grade students?If Wharton do use grade deflation, can anyone provide me with some rough numbers? Thanks! College Confidential Forums Grade Deflation. Colleges and Universities A-Z. ... Colleges for a 1600 SAT Colleges for a 1550 SAT Colleges for a 1500 SAT Colleges for a 1450 SAT See more. SEARCH ACT SCORESI was wondering if any of those colleges would have grade deflation. Please let me know. eyemgh October 3, 2021, 5:41am 2. No college has grade deflation. Some have grade inflation though. RichInPitt October 3, 2021, 7:06am 3. Why are you wondering? What impact will it have?Marine grade plywood, for instance, is the highest grade of plywood and differs from other types of plywood in many ways. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View Al...From the 1970s to the 1990s, the share of students leaving college with a degree steadily declined. But according to a paper in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, the trend since then has taken a turn for the better. Authors Jeffrey T. Denning, Eric R. Eide, Kevin J. Mumford, Richard W. Patterson, and Merrill Warnick documented a ...I personally wouldn't worry about the so-called "grade-deflation" problems. Yes, people in BU do talk a lot about this (even among professors!), but if you work hard to get around a 3.6-3.7 you should be in good shape after you graduate.. Aztec09 November 11, 2007, 2:40pm 7.some only give a 4.0 for a 98-100, not the traditional 90-100. some strong pre-med schools just don't give a's. EXCEPT for truly exceptional work, meaning the top grade in a class could be a B. Penn, Duke, Austin College, Wash U, etc. seem, AND I MAY BE WRONG! have this reputation.The Real Problem With Grade Inflation. Paul N. Courant, a professor of economics and public policy at the U. of Michigan. For about a decade, Princeton University took a controversial stand ...Jul 25, 2022 · From the 1970s to the 1990s, the share of students leaving college with a degree steadily declined. But according to a paper in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, the trend since then has taken a turn for the better. Authors Jeffrey T. Denning, Eric R. Eide, Kevin J. Mumford, Richard W. Patterson, and Merrill Warnick documented a ... Almost ALL schools have that and elites definitely have that. Emory has it but it is in the lower tier of elites in terms of the amount of inflation that has occurred. For privates, put it in the Cornell, Penn, Vanderbilt, and JHU group. People call these other places "deflated" but they really just have slower or later inflation than other ...I wouldn’t call BC a grade deflation school ( think Davidson,Wake Forest). Many comment on the differences due to professors ( attempt to ask about each and look at Rate My Professor). Believe it’s rigorous as a T30 ish school would be but acceptance rates are not out of the ordinary (3.9/1500 ave ) for a decent shot.Grad schools know Williams is Williams. But I don’t think you are at risk for failure or for many C’s, barring personal emotional or study habit difficulties. It seems safe to say that grades of C or lower seem relatively rare. Yes, you can get an A with hard work. There is not really grade deflation, just a high level of challenge.Yes, I do believe Princeton has grade deflation. But science majors at any top school will usually have the lowest average GPAs on campus. planner03 January 13, 2018, 11:00pm 6. If grades matter most, Princeton is not the right choice. Cantiger January 15, 2018, 9:00pm 7. @doorrealthe Princeton has officially rescinded the grade deflation policy.Hi! I'm a junior, and I'm wondering about how colleges view your GPA in comparison to what high school you attended. I go to the top public school in my state, and one of the top 20 in the country. I've spoken with a few admissions officers and I know that almost all colleges know of it and its grading, but I'd like to get opinions on my GPA. Here's part of the profile my school sends with ...Anyone asking about "grade deflation" is almost certainly defining that as "relative to other schools", not "relative to 1990 grading standards", or "rate of change in average GPA's over time", which is, more or less, the definition as coined (maybe) by the guy who makes a study of this subject at the website of the same name.preamble1776 April 6, 2014, 8:24pm 2. BU’s grade deflation was one of the biggest factors when I decided against attending - I didn’t want a mediocre GPA cost me a good grad school. BU is very well known for their terrible grade deflation, especially in STEM.. immasenior April 6, 2014, 8:27pm 3.I personally wouldn't worry about the so-called "grade-deflation" problems. Yes, people in BU do talk a lot about this (even among professors!), but if you work hard to get around a 3.6-3.7 you should be in good shape after you graduate.. Aztec09 November 11, 2007, 2:40pm 7.Advice: figure out what he's going to test you on, and learn that. No, colleges will not take into account the difficulty of that particular class when evaluating your transcript. However, if most people at your school take AP Lang and if a significant number of them get this instructor, then, in theory, that should be reflected in the grade ...A school can curve with deflation or inflation or neither, and be easy or hard. E.g., Reed appears to curve and has no inflation or deflation (same 3.1 average campus GPA for over 20 years), and is academically tough (getting a B requires a lot of work, but it's also the most common grade).At least for my CS classes, they don't do any grade deflation and do inflation most of the time. This means that >90 is a guaranteed A but usually the cut off for A is lower. In terms of sleep deprivation and unhealthy nature, for the few people I spoke with from other colleges, it isn't too different (although could be less common).Grade Inflation/Deflation at NYU. Colleges and Universities A-Z New York University. like_a_willow December 4, 2007, 11:15am 1. Hey everyone, I've finished applying as a potential Galltin student at NYU and now I have a question to current students.A quick disclaimer: I’m not anonymous on College Confidential because the information on this forum affects people’s real lives. My username is also my Princeton netid because I believe that I should be held responsible for the suggestions that I make. To the meat of the matter: grade deflation. I was really nervous …Grade Deflation. Applying to College. Qu67865 September 24, 2021, 5:08am 1. I go to high school in India. In my school, there is an incredibly strict grade deflation policy and so most of grades are Bs. I have ranked in the top 1 percentile in several examinations, I scored a 5 on AP calculus BC, AP psychology and AP Chemistry.A former Duke professor has studied this extensively and concluded that, based on GPAs over the past 40 years and the rise in test scores, the average GPA at top schools should be around 3.0 at the highest. Needless to say, that is hardly the case at virtually any elite university. I doubt you could convincingly argue for grade deflation at top schools, including Chicago, Cornell, and Princeton.I sat in on a french class this weekend. 7 columbia guys, 2 columbia girls, 4 barnard girls. I asked a columbia guy about that balance, and he said “french is better at barnard. the teachers actually take you seriously.Conclusion. Grade deflation will never be eradicated, and it is necessary to take action to help students with GPAs and graduation expectations avoid falling further down the academic ladder. However, there are ways to make the curve much more forgiving, and thus easier to climb up. The only way to avoid, or at least minimize, the prevalence of ...Anyone asking about "grade deflation" is almost certainly defining that as "relative to other schools", not "relative to 1990 grading standards", or "rate of change in average GPA's over time", which is, more or less, the definition as coined (maybe) by the guy who makes a study of this subject at the website of the same name.My impressions based on combination of student stats and average GPA's. A former Duke professor has studied this extensively and concluded that, based on GPAs over the past 40 years and the rise in test scores, the average GPA at top schools should be around 3.0 at the highest.Jan 3, 2007 · At least one prominent university, however, has recently enacted a very public grade deflation policy. In the spring of 2004, the Princeton faculty adopted a new grading policy targeting a cap of 35 percent A grades in undergraduate courses and 55 percent A grades in “junior and senior independent work.”. Boston University is notorious for its grade deflation...so is it actually real? I go around campus and ask the people most affected: the students. See what ...Jan 8, 2016 · The litmus test for a grade-inflated or grade-deflated college is their median GPA: if the median GPA of a college is in the A’s or B’s, it inflates its grades. If the median is in the failing range, it deflates. callie123 July 21, 2009, 10:55am 7. There is no grade deflation at Hopkins. Every student gets the grades he/she deserve. Also, grad schools are very aware of the schools that have high expectations, and adjust accordingly. Anyway, it is really useless to have a high GPA from a school that inflates grades, and a relatively lower MCAT, GMAT ...Grade deflation is a very real thing at Davidson but not in the way that you are thinking. All Davidson students are subjected to the same rigorous grading standards. ... But some do not. There are editorials by seniors every year in the Davidsonian (college paper) complaining about grade deflation as they face the competition in applying to ...An A is a grade reserved for a master of a subject, unlike high school where you could semi-know a subject and get an A." On College Confidential, MIT has a reputation among engineering schools -- which are notorious for their extreme emphasis on advanced problem solving and intricate mathematical logic -- for lower GPAs due to grade deflation.Hi I was just reading about Saint A’s after visiting its beautiful campus and was very impressed by the programs they had to offer. My son is interested in Pre-med and loves the fact they have a student EMT program there as well. My question is regarding the grade deflation rumors I have been reading about on this site. While my son has no …Low-grade depression symptoms are considered less intense than severe depression. Treatment is available to reduce your symptoms and help you cope. A person with low-grade depressi...9 Sept 2015 ... Skeptics point out that fears of grade inflation are nothing new (a Harvard University report issued in 1894 frets about students receiving A's ...There isn't grade deflation for Econ. McKinsey, Bain, BCG, Deloitte (especially Deloitte), Huron, Accenture, EY, KPMG etc recruit on campus. ... Also, I think you currently and I used to always overestimate how wealthy some of these colleges are. These financial programs are great on the surface and do help lots of people, but they aren't ...The so called "grade deflation" is really just ordinary "college deflation." Courses in college are harder than high school, the work load is tougher. Professors expect you to rise to a level of professional scholarship and submit work product that is consistent with "the collegium".For students interested in the humanities and social sciences, comparing the average GPAs and LSAT scores of pre-law students is useful. The average GPA at JHU is pretty much exactly what you'd expect given the average LSAT score of JHU applicants, suggesting there is neither grade inflation or deflation at Hopkins.Since my daughter will be on the pre-med track it would not be in her best interest to go to a college that has grade deflation and I'm wondering if BU or Tulane have grade deflation. Thank you! Apples1789302 March 20, 2016, 3:31pm 2. Im wondering the exact same thing. That is my biggest issue with going to BUI wouldn’t call BC a grade deflation school ( think Davidson,Wake Forest). Many comment on the differences due to professors ( attempt to ask about each and look at Rate My Professor). Believe it’s rigorous as a T30 ish school would be but acceptance rates are not out of the ordinary (3.9/1500 ave ) for a decent shot.I know at some colleges like Wellesley there's grade deflation and at Harvey Mudd it's hard to get a good GPA, so I was curious on how Hamilton compared to the rest of the liberal arts colleges. collegemom3717 May 28, 2020, 6:23pmGrade Deflation or Inflation? Colleges and Universities A-Z. Rice University. Private_Joker July 2, 2005, 12:22am 1 Okay which one would best characterize Rice? In general, is the workload challenging (like University of Chicago or Swarthmore)? Is it hard to get A's (or even B's) or is it the opposite where students are bored ...The grade deflation myth? Colleges and Universities A-Z Cornell University. eos January 2, 2008, 2:16am 1. I took 4 classes this semester, and I’m beginning to doubt this whole grade deflation thing.. In one of my classes over half the class got A- or above (400 level math class). Granted the class was only 8 people..One grade especially early on will not make or break ur app so just try your best and move on to the next class. Honestly though for overall GPA consideration it matters if u go to Barnard or Columbia. If Columbia, rigor and grade deflation are well known and ur grades will be taken in context. Not sure how Barnard works but if its as rigorous ...Colleges and Universities A-Z. Princeton University. jcr182 April 8, 2006, 12:47pm 1 I'm stuck choosing between princeton, yale, and northwestern's combined medical program. ... Grade deflation does not affect science and engineering classes much, so your science GPA (which counts a great deal in med school admissions) won't really ...I took linear algebra at BU last year and ended up with a 96 average in the course. However, the teacher had a policy that only the top five (there were six or seven people ahead of me) would get a 4.0 (A) in the class. This meant that my 96 earned me a 3.7 (A-) in the class. A few friends had similar things happen.I've always been hesitant to call it grade deflation, though. It's more that a lot of other schools have fairly extreme grade inflation. The grade you get here wont be lower than the same work would've gotten you at Wake 20 years ago, but it also (theoretically) wont be higher, which isn't the case at lots of other schools.Pretty much this. Cal doesn’t really have grade deflation except for a few courses where the professor is unusually harsh. 20-30% A+/A/A- is what people usually compare grade inflation/deflation to. Many Cal classes give a lot more than that, like 50% is not uncommon.10 Jan 2024 ... Comments · Why Are Ontario Schools Inflating Grades? · Does Your School Matter? · How Harvard and Other Colleges Manage Their Endowments &middo...The remaining four percent went to ’passes.’”. So, yes, grade inflation is alive and well at Princeton where during the 2018-2019 academic year, as O’Connor reports, 55% of students were awarded a grade in the A-range, 34% in the B-range, and 6% in the C-range. Do check out O’Connor’s overview of just how alive grade inflation is at ...Yep I concur! I know a lot of high school students think that Hopkins is the pinnacle of "cut-throat competition" and grade deflation, but honestly the average GPA here is pretty high. There's definitely some grade deflation in some of STEM areas here but for the most part, I'd say that grades reflect the work you've put in @OPTop public universities like Berkeley, Anne Arbor, and Chapel Hill are tough. Boston College has a reputation for being relatively easy. Harvey Mudd- very tough. I agree that Cornell and Chicago are tough, and believe that Hopkins is also. ... Princeton is also known for "grade deflation," but I remember reading that the workload there is ...In October, Princeton University eliminated their decade-long grade deflation policy after failing to meet the target of only giving out As 35 per cent of the time — 43 per cent of 2013 grades were As. This is roughly in line with the average at private colleges in the US. ... Indeed, a 2010 study found that the nationwide average GPA at ...Centre student here! Yes, grade deflation is real on Centre's campus, but the college knows that (as do other schools/employers around the nation—it's frequently said that the GPA needed to get into med school from Centre is lower than the average college graduate). I have many friends with 3.8 GPAs, 3.0s, and 2.5s.The set of applicants that you will review all graduated from colleges of similar quality and selectivity. Please review each applicant carefully in order to assess the quality of their prior academic performance in college." ... However, when asked if grade deflation policies hurt a student's chances, Edward Tom, Dean of Admissions at ...SAY July 13, 2015, 9:25pm 4. You need to carefully investigate the crisis that now exists even at the very good law schools. A good friend's son just graduated from Stanford and while there are jobs for these top grads the atmosphere is very negative. Even from these top schools most attorneys will never make partner.And at Deerfield it's 9% of students get over a 93% GPA, and just 1% of the class has a 4.0 GPA. There is definite grade compression at Deerfield with a bulge at the 3.4/3.5 level. I do wonder how it impacts students aiming for merit aid at larger state schools with GPA merit aid charts. Those type of schools don't tend to be the destination of many DA students anyway. Here's an article ...

Hi there! As a parent with a child at a college where grade deflation is quite prevalent, I can share a bit about our experience. Grade deflation can mean that it's harder to achieve the highest grades, but it's important to know that graduate schools and employers are often aware of the schools where this is common and take it into account .... Polskie radio 1080 am chicago

Apr 27, 2022 · Some schools have implemented policies to combat grade inflation, but those attempts have faced significant challenges. In 2004, Princeton tried to lower GPAs using a policy of “grade deflation,” according to the Atlantic, putting a cap on the proportion of As in each class at 35%. After nine years, the school ended its policy, citing that ... Colleges know the difference. Grade inflation and grade deflation are completely irrelevant in the eyes of college admissions. When students from a high school gets admitted into a college, that college will keep track of their first year of grades at the college. The college will then create a differential between the student's high school GPA ...So yes, grade deflation can either be seen as a big problem for a pre-med student or as a kind of "reality check" on how hard it is to actually gain entry into medical school. ... Colleges for a 1600 SAT Colleges for a 1550 SAT Colleges for a 1500 SAT Colleges for a 1450 SAT See more. SEARCH ACT SCORESDavidson, although many just claim there is not grade deflation, just a lack of grade inflation. ... Harvard College is changing its essay requirements. Under the new guidelines, applicants will be required to answer five questions instead of the previous single optional essay.SHolmies August 24, 2013, 7:09pm 2. The lack of grade inflation affects all departments. Some majors may be considered slightly 'easier' than others but I think that has more to do with people's proclivities than easy grading. Like I think majoring in physics would be really hard but that's because I'm not naturally good at science.WayOutWestMom March 21, 2016, 12:33am 2. Generally speaking medical school admission committees do not take grade deflation into consideration when looking at GPAs. The reason is twofold: Students always think their own college is grade-deflated when compared to every other college. (Kind of like a reverse Lake Wobegon Effect.Pre-Med & Medical School Pre-Med Topics. Cho6464 March 21, 2016, 12:06am 1. If I go to a school that is know for grade deflation would it hurt my chances at getting into a good medical school seeing as most med schools want high GPAs from its applicants. That in comparison of going to a college where the grading is not as harsh and will ...Good grades are all the rage these days. They’re supposed to measure how intelligent and industrious you are Good grades are all the rage these days. They’re supposed to measure ho...You could replace MIT/Princeton with any other school and my question still stands the same.. Say there are two pre-med students, one from MIT and one from Princeton. Both have 45s on MCATs. The MIT student has a 3.4 and is in the top 5% of his class. The Princeton student has a 3.6 due to grade inflation, and is also in the top 5% of ...Cal doesn't really have grade deflation except for a few courses where the professor is unusually harsh. 20-30% A+/A/A- is what people usually compare grade inflation/deflation to. Many Cal classes give a lot more than that, like 50% is not uncommon. ... [College</a> of Engineering humanities and social studies requirements] ...Get Report. 2. Stanford University. Stanford has a pretty standard grading system, but also gives students the chance to receive above a 4.0 if they receive an A+ in a class. At 3.68, the average GPA of Stanford students is high, hovering around a solid A-. 3. Harvard College, Yale University.FordhamLC seems absolutely amazing, but i keep getting worried when i hear about Fordham's grade deflation. I hear kids saying that they don't know anyone with over a 3.7, and I'm afraid that would hurt for grad schools. Obviously, I know you have to work hard to get a good gpa, but I'm just hoping that hard work would pay off, you know? I heard someone else say they were a national merit ....

Grade deflation colleges - Published: August 17, 2023 9:23am EDT. Students across England are receiving lower grades than they might have done in 2022. The percentage of A or A* grades given for A-levels has fallen from 35. ...

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